An epidemiological analysis of ebola virus disease in west africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from march 2014 to may 2015. A separate outbreak of ebola virus disease, which is not related to the outbreak in west africa, was laboratoryconfirmed on 26 august by the democratic republic of congo drc. Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 welcome to nyc. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus disease evd first emerged in 1976 in what are today the democratic republic of the congo and south sudan. Over the past 40 years, more than 20 outbreaks have occurred in africa, with most of the known outbreaks occurring in the past 20 years.
The outbreak that occurred in march, 2014, caused worldwide, and intense media attention. In such a case, contact tracing should confirm the exposure and prevent further spread of the disease through monitoring the exposed traveller. Virus infection in selected communities in ghana and nigeria. The outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa starting in 20 represents the single largest outbreak of the virus since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Ebola virus disease evd is a complex zoonosis that is highly virulent in humans. Ebola virus disease outbreaks are sporadic and complex and data on the. The landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of. A member of the ring vaccination team vaccinates a man in bosolo village. Updates to the zoonotic niche map of ebola virus disease. In the week 14 to 21 june, 12 new confirmed cases were reported.
F or the first time in more than two years, all three west african countries at the heart of the worst ebola outbreak ever seen were declared free of the disease on thursday, marking a landmark. The largest recorded outbreak of evd is ongoing in west africa, outside of its previously reported and predicted niche. Information on this outbreak is provided in separate editions of the disease outbreak news. Office of foreign disaster assistance ofda deployed a disaster assistance response team on august 5, 2014, and. West africa is still paying the price for its poor response to the ebola epidemic. Ebola viruses have been associated with historical outbreaks in several central african countries and caused a large outbreak in west africa from 2014 to 2016. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in humans with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. Four species of ebolaviruses have been identified in west or equatorial africa. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. Health care professionals discovered ebola in 1976. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 12th update, 30 june 2015 3 guinea. Ebola hemorrhagic fever ebola virus disease is a disease caused by four different strains of ebola virus. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. It is one among several viruses within the genus ebolavirus.
T he west african ebola virus disease evd outbreak that began in 2014 was the worst on record, with more than 11,000 deaths and an estimated fatality rate of 50% to 70%. As the united states government usg lead for the response, the u. Merck has been approved in the united states and europe. Ebola virus, formally called zaire ebolavirus, is a rare virus that infects humans and nonhuman animals such as pigs and other primates. Pdf ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of the. The 20142016 ebola outbreak in west africa has ended.
We assembled location data on all recorded zoonotic transmission to humans and ebola virus infection in bats and primates 19762014. Africa and ongoing drc outbreaks, have occurred at similar latitudes less. The variety of factors that contributed to the initial undetected spread of ebola virus disease in west africa during 202016 and the difficulty controlling the outbreak once the etiology was identified highlight priorities for disease prevention, detection, and. Spatiotemporal spread of the 2014 outbreak of ebola virus disease. Following the 202016 outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, governments across the region imposed a ban on the hunting and consumption of meat from wild animals. Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 preparing for and responding to potential cases in nyc new york city department of health and mental hygiene note. Who ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west. Transmission was centred in the four prefectures of. Ebola in west africa the lancet infectious diseases. West africa ebola outbreak largest ebola outbreak in. Ebola virus disease evd is a zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans 1. The 2014 outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa was the largest, most severe and most complex ebola epidemic in history, according to the world health organization. Number of new cases of ebola virus disease reported west africa, september 28october 18.
Information contained in these slides is constantly changing and updated every friday. Visit the ebola outbreak section for information on current ebola outbreaks on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who reported cases of ebola virus disease evd in the forested rural region of southeastern guinea. Key words knowledge, practices, prevention, ebola virus infection. Ebola hemorrhagic fever ebola virus disease medicinenet. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. The ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if left untreated.
Many people have asked me why the outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa is so large, so severe, and so difficult to contain. The ebola virus disease epidemic highlights the need to strengthen national and international systems to detect, respond to, and prevent the spread of future health threats. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa. This research work involved injecting and infusing healthy humans with the deadly ebola virus. Located on the atlantic coast of west africa, guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of evd has occurred, leaving. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. Ebola virus disease in west africa members attention is drawn to the growing concerns in regard to the spread of the ebola virus disease in west africa, in particular, liberia, guinea and sierra leone. Annex 2 planned response to the ebola virus disease epidemic in guinea pdf, 512kb. Ebola virus is one of the most virulent pathogens known to infect humans.
The severity and spreadability of the disease caused interest, and also panic is some parts of the world. Ebola disease is particularly severe and is often fatal. It was predicted that the ebola outbreak in west africa would end in june 2015. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola. Annex 1 who strategic action plan for ebola outbreak response pdf, 506kb.
In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. The ongoing 2014 west africa ebola epidemic has been considered as the most serious panic in the medical field with respect to both the number of human cases. The 202016 west african evd epidemic caused the death of at least. Medics and officials say swift action, awareness campaigns and central leadership key lessons in dealing with disease. On 23 march 2014, the world health organization issued its first communique on a new outbreak of ebola virus disease evd, which began in december 20 in guinee forestiere forested guinea, the eastern sector of the republic of guinea. Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and. For the first time, the disease has successfully spread within urban settings and in the community demonstrating its epidemic potential. This is not the first time africa has faced a crisis in taking control of the spread of the ebola virus.
The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected body fluids and can result in major epidemics in underresourced. Unintended consequences of the bushmeat ban in west. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. The following are the supplementary data to this article.
Those infected require intensive medical support and care. Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. Infections with african ebola viruses cause a severe disease in humans called ebola virus disease. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92. Knowledge and hygiene practices for the prevention of ebola virus. Event background information there is an ongoing outbreak of haemorrhagic fever due to ebola virus in guinea, liberia and sierra leone, which. As the name indicates, ebola virus disease evd is caused by a virus. Predicting ebola virus disease risk and the role of african bat birthing. Risk assessment for ebola outbreak in west africa, 30 june. T he unprecedented epidemic of ebola virus disease ebola in west africa highlights the need for stronger systems for disease surveillance, response, and prevention worldwide. The ebola outbreak in west africa was first reported in march 2014, and rapidly became the deadliest occurrence of the disease since its discovery in 1976. How ebola spread in western africa, 20142015 sciencedaily. Ebola outbreak in west africa safey emergency system. Ebola is a serious and deadly virus transmitted by animals and humans.
West africa ebola outbreak is declared over at last. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. Unless all actors learn from the crisis, a similar disaster may be just a matter of time. More than 28,000 people were infected, and over 11,000 people died before the international public health emergency ended in june 2016. Ebola virus disease evd and other viral haemorrhagic fevers vhf are mainly acute zoonotic diseases and represent a major threat to public health in central and west africa, and worldwide. It was initially detected in 1976 in sudan and the democratic republic of congo. This injunction was accompanied by public health messages emphasising the infectious potential of wild meat, or bushmeat. As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd. West africa, as wild meat hunting is reported to be more intensive there. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa pdf, 929kb. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa. How west africas ebola outbreak shapes response in drc.
The psychosocial challenges of caring for patients with. Background on march 23, 2014, the world health organization. The figure above is a map of west africa showing the number of new cases of ebola reported in west africa during september 28october 18. Evd was first identified in africa in 1976 2 and since then is estimated to have killed. The last case in an international worker was reported in italy in may 2015. Apart from potential exposure to ebola virus during clinical care of survivors, the risk of acquiring infection is now very low. Body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from ebola blood, vomit, pee, poop, sweat, semen, spit, other fluids 2. Over the course of the last 4 decades there have been a how to cite this article walsh and haseeb 2015, the landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of ebola virus disease in west. Overview of the magnitude and dimensions of ebola virus disease in west africa 7 2. Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal, systemic disease in man and great apes. Evaluation of the usaidofda ebola virus disease outbreak.
The variety of factors that contributed to the initial undetected spread of ebola virus disease in west africa during 202016 and the difficulty controlling the outbreak once the etiology was identified highlight priorities for disease prevention, detection, and response. Where an early response could have prevented the worst, failures on all levels allowed ebola to spread, exposing a deep rift between the population and political class of the countries affected. This vaccine is genetically engineered to express a glycoprotein from zaire ebolavirus to provoke a neutralizing immune response. Phylodynamic assessment of intervention strategies for the. The infection is transmitted by direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected animals or people. Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease. Delayed recognition of ebola virus disease is associated with longer. The largest recorded outbreak of evd is ongoing in west africa, outside of its previously reported and predicted. Page 3 risk assessment of the ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. The figure above is a map of west africa showing the number of days since the last confirmed case of ebola virus disease in the region and the number of confirmed cases in the past 21 days during january 25february 14, 2015. Hence, the dod is listed as a collaborator in a first in human ebola clinical trial nct02041715, which started in january 2014 shortly before an ebola epidemic was. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file. There are five species of the genus ebolavirus filoviridae family.
Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. There have been several ebola outbreaks, including the 20142016 unprecedented. Four of them are known to cause diseases in humans. Detailed information about the ebola virus and the epidemiology of evd can be found in the second rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa published on 8 april 2014 5. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa ecdc. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 11th update, 11 may 2015 5 figure 3. Counts of ebola were highest in the area around monrovia and in the district of bong, liberia. We have some concerns with your recent editorial1 on the ebola disease outbreak in west africa. These questions can be answered with a single word. Perspectives on west africa ebola virus disease outbreak. Ebola, ebov, ebola virus disease, evd, west africa. The piece did not recognise the importance of the work done by the numerous government and nongovernment organisations who have been striving since march to control the outbreak. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the.
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